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1. Sound System of English (Phonology)
NEB Board Exam Trick: When analyzing sounds, focus strictly on pronunciation phonemes rather than the alphabetical spelling layout.
Sound CategoryPhonetic SymbolNepali EquivalentCore Reference Word Examples
Short Vowel/æ/ए (छोटो)cat, man, fan, map
Short Vowel/ʌ/अ (छोटो)cup, sun, nut, blood
Short Vowel/ɪ/इ (छोटो)sit, bit, pin, fish
Long Vowel/uː/ऊ (लामो)food, moon, blue, rule
Long Vowel/iː/ई (लामो)see, tea, meet, fleece
Long Vowel/ɑː/आ (लामो)car, park, dark, calm
Consonant/p/प्pen, pin, pack
Consonant/b/ब्boy, bat, book
Consonant/tʃ/च्chair, church, catch
Consonant/dʒ/ज्judge, jam, bridge
2. Vocabulary Structure (Morphology)
Understanding word formations helps identify parts of speech and shifts in lexical meaning during sentence transformation.
Morphological ElementFunctional DefinitionNepali MeaningExemplar Transformations
Root / Stem WordThe primary base word carrying baseline semantic meaning.मूल शब्द (आधार)act (action, actor), play (player), form (formation)
PrefixAffix added before the root word to alter its core definition.उपसर्ग (अगाडि थपिने)un- (unhappy), dis- (dislike), re- (rewrite), mis- (mistake)
SuffixAffix added after the root word to shift its lexical class.प्रत्यय (पछाडि थपिने)-ly (quickly), -ness (happiness), -ful (useful), -ous (dangerous)
InflectionGrammatical shift altering form without creating a new word.रुपायन (व्याकरणिक परिवर्तन)boy → boys (plural), go → went (past), eat → eaten (participle)
3. Lexical Semantics & Parts of Speech
Identify a word's class by asking its syntactic function inside the clause: Name? Quality? Action? Manner?
Grammatical DimensionSyntactic FunctionStandard SynonymsStandard Antonyms
Noun (नाम)Names a person, place, thing, or concept.beauty = lovelinesschaos ↔ order
Verb (क्रिया)Expresses physical action, state, or occurrence.assist = helpcreate ↔ destroy
Adjective (विशेषण)Modifies or describes a noun's qualities.happy = joyfulstrong ↔ weak
Adverb (क्रियाविशेषण)Modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.quickly = rapidlyfast ↔ slowly
Preposition (नामयोगी)Shows structural relations between words.inside = withinabove ↔ below
Conjunction (संयोजक)Joins sentences, phrases, or clauses.and = along withbut ↔ although
4. Noun Number & Verb Conjugation
Watch out for irregular plurals and strong verbs that change internal vowels instead of adding traditional endings.
Structural Rule TypeSingular / Base Form (V1)Plural / Past Form (V2)Irregular / Past Participle (V3)
Regular Noun Inflectionbook / babybooks / babies
Irregular Fricative Nounleaf / thiefleaves / thieves
Mutation Irregular Nounchild / man / sheepchildren / men / sheep
Irregular Strong Verbgowentgone
Irregular Strong Verbeatateeaten
Irregular Strong Verbwritewrotewritten
5. Mechanics: Spelling, Punctuation & Dictionary Shifts
He requested to accommodate him because he was comming late.
He requested to accommodate him because he was coming late.
Did you recieve the letter yesterday.
Did you receive the letter yesterday?
He said, I am happy.
He said, "I am happy."
Dictionary entry tracking order: between → benefit → before
Dictionary entry tracking order: before → benefit → between
6. Dictionary Quadrants, Idioms & Phrasal Verbs
Idioms carry hidden non-literal meanings, while phrasal verbs combine a standard verb with a preposition to create a new definition.
Lexical CategoryTarget ItemIdiomatic / Functional MeaningNepali Contextual Equivalent
Dictionary QuadrantsA–D (Q1) / E–H (Q2) / I–L (Q3) / M–Z (Q4)Divides the lexicon alphabetically into 4 main parts.शब्दकोशको चार भाग
Idiomatic Phrasebreak the iceTo initiate a social conversation in a tense setting.कुरै बढाउनु / बोलचाल सुरु गर्नु
Idiomatic Phrasespill the beansTo inadvertently or intentionally reveal a secret.रहस्य खोल्नु
Idiomatic Phraseburn the midnight oilTo study or work intensely late into the night.रातभर कडा परिश्रम गर्नु
Phrasal Verbgive upTo cease making an effort; to quit a habit.प्रयास छोड्नु / त्याग्नु
Phrasal Verblook afterTo provide shelter, care, or supervision for.हेरचाह गर्नु
Phrasal Verbbreak downTo experience a mechanical failure or emotional collapse.बिग्रिनु / असफल हुनु
Set 1: Foundational Review
1
Which of the following words contains the short vowel sound /æ/? A) car B) cat C) park D) food
Correct! 'cat' is pronounced with the short vowel sound /æ/, whereas 'car' and 'park' contain /ɑː/, and 'food' contains /uː/.
Correct: B or cat. 'cat' is pronounced with the short vowel sound /æ/, whereas 'car' and 'park' contain /ɑː/, and 'food' contains /uː/.
2
What is the correct synonym of the word 'happy'? A) melancholy B) joyful C) sluggish D) exhausted
Correct! 'Joyful' directly matches the positive emotional state of being 'happy'.
Correct: B or joyful. 'Joyful' directly matches the positive emotional state of being 'happy'.
3
Identify the correct part of speech for the underlined word: 'He walked quickly.' A) Noun B) Adjective C) Adverb D) Verb
Correct! 'Quickly' modifies the action verb 'walked', describing how the action was performed, which makes it an adverb.
Correct: C or Adverb. 'Quickly' modifies the action verb 'walked', describing how the action was performed, which makes it an adverb.
4
Fill in the blank with the appropriate quantifier: 'I do not have __________ money left in my account.' A) some B) any C) many D) few
Correct! In standard English grammar, negative sentences utilize 'any' rather than 'some'.
Correct: B or any. In standard English grammar, negative sentences utilize 'any' rather than 'some'.
5
Which sentence is grammatically correct? A) He go to school everyday. B) He going to school everyday. C) He goes to school everyday. D) He gone to school everyday.
Correct! Third-person singular subjects ('he') require the verb to take an '-s/-es' ending ('goes') in the simple present tense.
Correct: C or He goes to school everyday.. Third-person singular subjects ('he') require the verb to take an '-s/-es' ending ('goes') in the simple present tense.
Set 2: Morphological Formations
1
What is the antonym of the word 'strong'? A) robust B) tough C) weak D) resilient
Correct! 'Weak' indicates a lack of physical power, serving as the direct opposite of 'strong'.
Correct: C or weak. 'Weak' indicates a lack of physical power, serving as the direct opposite of 'strong'.
2
What is the structural root or stem word of 'teacher'? A) cher B) teach C) teaching D) teache
Correct! 'Teach' is the base morpheme that carries the core semantic meaning before the agent suffix '-er' is attached.
Correct: B or teach. 'Teach' is the base morpheme that carries the core semantic meaning before the agent suffix '-er' is attached.
3
Which prefix should be added to the word 'happy' to turn it into its direct opposite? A) dis- B) mis- C) un- D) re-
Correct! The prefix 'un-' means 'not', combining with 'happy' to create the word 'unhappy'.
Correct: C or un-. The prefix 'un-' means 'not', combining with 'happy' to create the word 'unhappy'.
4
Identify the noun form among the following words: A) beautiful B) beautifully C) beautify D) beauty
Correct! 'Beauty' is an abstract noun. 'Beautiful' is an adjective, 'beautifully' is an adverb, and 'beautify' is a verb.
Correct: D or beauty. 'Beauty' is an abstract noun. 'Beautiful' is an adjective, 'beautifully' is an adverb, and 'beautify' is a verb.
5
Which sentence shows the correct use of punctuation marks? A) He said "I am happy." B) He said, I am happy. C) He said, "I am happy." D) He said, "I am happy"
Correct! Direct speech requires a comma after the reporting verb, and the closing punctuation must sit inside the quotation marks.
Correct: C or He said, "I am happy.". Direct speech requires a comma after the reporting verb, and the closing punctuation must sit inside the quotation marks.
Set 3: Idioms & Word Shifts
1
What does the idiom 'spill the beans' mean? A) To drop food accidentally B) To cook a traditional meal C) To reveal a secret context A) To keep quiet under pressure
Correct! 'Spill the beans' is an idiomatic phrase that means to reveal confidential information or secrets.
Correct: C or To reveal a secret context. 'Spill the beans' is an idiomatic phrase that means to reveal confidential information or secrets.
2
What is the correct plural inflection of the noun 'child'? A) childs B) children C) childrens D) childhood
Correct! 'Child' forms an irregular plural through vowel mutation and adding an ending, turning into 'children' without an extra 's'.
Correct: B or children. 'Child' forms an irregular plural through vowel mutation and adding an ending, turning into 'children' without an extra 's'.
3
What is the past participle (V3) form of the strong verb 'write'? A) wrote B) writing C) written D) writes
Correct! The verb conjugation follows the pattern: write (V1) → wrote (V2) → written (V3).
Correct: C or written. The verb conjugation follows the pattern: write (V1) → wrote (V2) → written (V3).
4
Which word features the long vowel sound /uː/? A) book B) cup C) food D) sun
Correct! 'Food' is pronounced with the long vowel sound /uː/, while 'book' uses the short /ʊ/, and 'cup' and 'sun' use /ʌ/.
Correct: C or food. 'Food' is pronounced with the long vowel sound /uː/, while 'book' uses the short /ʊ/, and 'cup' and 'sun' use /ʌ/.
5
Identify the word with the correct alphabetical spelling: A) accomodate B) acommodate C) accommodate D) acomodate
Correct! The word 'accommodate' is spelled with a double 'c' and a double 'm'.
Correct: C or accommodate. The word 'accommodate' is spelled with a double 'c' and a double 'm'.
Set 4: Lexical Modifications
1
Identify the adjective in the following sentence: 'The dangerous tiger leaped over the old wall.' A) leaped B) dangerous C) over D) quickly
Correct! 'Dangerous' modifies the noun 'tiger' by describing its qualities, making it an adjective.
Correct: B or dangerous. 'Dangerous' modifies the noun 'tiger' by describing its qualities, making it an adjective.
2
What is the proper antonym of the adjective 'hot'? A) warm B) spicy C) cold D) burning
Correct! 'Cold' represents the opposite thermal state of 'hot'.
Correct: C or cold. 'Cold' represents the opposite thermal state of 'hot'.
3
Choose the closest synonym for the word 'big': A) microscopic B) large C) slender D) dynamic
Correct! 'Large' directly matches 'big' in terms of size and scale.
Correct: B or large. 'Large' directly matches 'big' in terms of size and scale.
4
Which phrasal verb means 'to quit an activity or stop trying'? A) look after B) give up C) break down D) make up
Correct! 'Give up' is a phrasal verb that means to surrender, stop attempting, or quit.
Correct: B or give up. 'Give up' is a phrasal verb that means to surrender, stop attempting, or quit.
5
Which option displays the correct alphabetical dictionary order? A) between → benefit → before B) before → benefit → between C) benefit → before → between D) between → before → benefit
Correct! Alphabetical sorting looks at letters sequentially: 'befo...' comes before 'befe...', which comes before 'betw...'.
Correct: B or before → benefit → between. Alphabetical sorting looks at letters sequentially: 'befo...' comes before 'befe...', which comes before 'betw...'.
Set 5: Syntax & Phonetics
1
Fill in the blank: 'Would you like __________ tea?' (offering politely) A) any B) some C) many D) few
Correct! When making offers or requests in polite interrogative sentences, 'some' is preferred over 'any'.
Correct: B or some. When making offers or requests in polite interrogative sentences, 'some' is preferred over 'any'.
2
Identify the action verb in this sentence: 'Students write their examinations neatly.' A) students B) examinations A) write D) neatly
Correct! 'Write' expresses the physical action performed by the subject, categorizing it as a verb.
Correct: C or write. 'Write' expresses the physical action performed by the subject, categorizing it as a verb.
3
What is the core meaning added by the prefix 'mis-' in words like 'misunderstand'? A) again B) opposite C) wrong / badly D) prior to
Correct! The prefix 'mis-' means wrong or incorrect, so 'misunderstand' means to understand incorrectly.
Correct: C or wrong / badly. The prefix 'mis-' means wrong or incorrect, so 'misunderstand' means to understand incorrectly.
4
What is the correct plural form of the noun 'leaf'? A) leafs B) leafes C) leaves D) leaven
Correct! Nouns ending in a voiceless '-f' or '-fe' typically drop that ending and add '-ves' to form their plural.
Correct: C or leaves. Nouns ending in a voiceless '-f' or '-fe' typically drop that ending and add '-ves' to form their plural.
5
Which word features the long vowel sound /iː/? A) sit B) see C) pin D) cat
Correct! 'See' is pronounced with the long vowel sound /iː/, whereas 'sit' and 'pin' feature the short vowel sound /ɪ/.
Correct: B or see. 'See' is pronounced with the long vowel sound /iː/, whereas 'sit' and 'pin' feature the short vowel sound /ɪ/.
Set 6: Conversational Mechanics
1
What does the idiom 'break the ice' mean? A) To melt sub-zero glaciers B) To initiate a social conversation C) To terminate an argument abruptly D) To remain silent in public places
Correct! 'Break the ice' means to ease social awkwardness when meeting people for the first time.
Correct: B or To initiate a social conversation. 'Break the ice' means to ease social awkwardness when meeting people for the first time.
2
What is the core root word of the derivation 'formation'? A) maton B) format C) form D) forming
Correct! 'Form' is the foundational base word, while '-ation' is the nominalizing suffix.
Correct: C or form. 'Form' is the foundational base word, while '-ation' is the nominalizing suffix.
3
When transforming direct speech into indirect speech, what does the modal 'will' shift into? A) can B) would C) could D) should
Correct! During indirect speech tense backshifting, the future modal 'will' shifts into its past form 'would'.
Correct: B or would. During indirect speech tense backshifting, the future modal 'will' shifts into its past form 'would'.
4
Which mark is missing at the end of the clause inside the quotation: He asked, "Where do you live___" A) . B) ? C) ! D) :
Correct! Since 'Where do you live' is an interrogative sentence, it requires a question mark.
Correct: B or ?. Since 'Where do you live' is an interrogative sentence, it requires a question mark.
5
What is a true synonym of the word 'fast'? A) sluggish B) quick C) heavy D) steady
Correct! 'Quick' directly matches 'fast' by describing high-speed actions.
Correct: B or quick. 'Quick' directly matches 'fast' by describing high-speed actions.
Set 7: Lexical Selections
1
What is the direct antonym of the word 'good'? A) excellent B) fine C) bad D) helpful
Correct! 'Bad' represents the moral and qualitative opposite of 'good'.
Correct: C or bad. 'Bad' represents the moral and qualitative opposite of 'good'.
2
Which of the following terms is an abstract noun? A) happy B) happily C) happiness D) happier
Correct! The suffix '-ness' transforms the adjective 'happy' into the abstract noun 'happiness'.
Correct: C or happiness. The suffix '-ness' transforms the adjective 'happy' into the abstract noun 'happiness'.
3
Which phrasal verb means 'to care for or look after someone'? A) give up B) look after C) break down D) make up
Correct! 'Look after' means to watch over, guard, or take care of an individual.
Correct: B or look after. 'Look after' means to watch over, guard, or take care of an individual.
4
Identify the word with the correct spelling configuration: A) recieve B) receive C) riceive D) receve
Correct! Following the standard spelling rule 'i before e except after c', 'receive' is spelled with 'ei'.
Correct: B or receive. Following the standard spelling rule 'i before e except after c', 'receive' is spelled with 'ei'.
5
Which word features the short central vowel sound /ʌ/? A) car B) cup C) see D) food
Correct! 'Cup' is pronounced with the short vowel sound /ʌ/, whereas 'car' uses /ɑː/.
Correct: B or cup. 'Cup' is pronounced with the short vowel sound /ʌ/, whereas 'car' uses /ɑː/.
Set 8: Advanced Conjugations
1
Find the closest synonym for the word 'colossal': A) big B) tiny C) soft D) short
Correct! 'Colossal' means extremely large, making 'big' the closest match among the options.
Correct: A or big. 'Colossal' means extremely large, making 'big' the closest match among the options.
2
What is the correct plural spelling of the noun 'baby'? A) babys B) babies C) babyes D) babe
Correct! Nouns ending in a consonant followed by '-y' drop the 'y' and add '-ies' to become plural.
Correct: B or jackpot or babies. Nouns ending in a consonant followed by '-y' drop the 'y' and add '-ies' to become plural.
3
What is the simple past tense (V2) form of the irregular verb 'go'? A) gone B) goes C) went D) going
Correct! The irregular verb 'go' changes its form completely to 'went' in the past tense.
Correct: C or went. The irregular verb 'go' changes its form completely to 'went' in the past tense.
4
Which array of words is sorted in proper alphabetical order? A) fact → face → fade B) face → fact → fade C) fade → face → fact D) face → fade → fact
Correct! Comparing letters sequentially: 'face' (c-e) precedes 'fact' (c-t), which precedes 'fade' (d-e).
Correct: B or face → fact → fade. Comparing letters sequentially: 'face' (c-e) precedes 'fact' (c-t), which precedes 'fade' (d-e).
5
Fill in the blank: 'We got wet because we had __________ raincoat with us.' A) none B) no C) any D) some
Correct! 'No' functions as an adjective modifying the noun 'raincoat', whereas 'none' acts as a standalone pronoun.
Correct: B or no. 'No' functions as an adjective modifying the noun 'raincoat', whereas 'none' acts as a standalone pronoun.
Set 9: Error Identification
1
Which word cannot take the prefix 'un-' to create a valid opposite? A) happy B) regular C) pleasant D) true
Correct! 'Regular' takes the prefix 'ir-' to form 'irregular', whereas the other options can all take 'un-'.
Correct: B or regular. 'Regular' takes the prefix 'ir-' to form 'irregular', whereas the other options can all take 'un-'.
2
What does the idiom 'burn the midnight oil' mean? A) To waste fuel reserves B) To study or work hard late into the night C) To cause an accidental fire D) To go to sleep early
Correct! This idiom refers to working or studying late into the night to finish a task.
Correct: B or To study or work hard late into the night. This idiom refers to working or studying late into the night to finish a task.
3
Identify the part of speech for the word 'under' in: 'The book is under the table.' A) Conjunction B) Preposition C) Noun D) Adverb
Correct! 'Under' indicates the spatial relationship between 'the book' and 'the table', making it a preposition.
Correct: B or Preposition. 'Under' indicates the spatial relationship between 'the book' and 'the table', making it a preposition.
4
Which word has a different vowel sound than the others? A) sit B) bit C) pit D) see
Correct! 'See' contains the long vowel sound /iː/, while 'sit', 'bit', and 'pit' all share the short vowel sound /ɪ/.
Correct: D or see. 'See' contains the long vowel sound /iː/, while 'sit', 'bit', and 'pit' all share the short vowel sound /ɪ/.
5
Identify the grammatically correct sentence structure: A) His both brothers are ill. B) Both his brothers are ill. C) Both of his brother are ill. D) His brother both are ill.
Correct! The determiner 'both' must be placed before the possessive pronoun 'his' in standard English syntax.
Correct: B or Both his brothers are ill.. The determiner 'both' must be placed before the possessive pronoun 'his' in standard English syntax.
Set 10: Final Evaluation
1
What is the direct antonym of the word 'weak'? A) fragile B) strong C) soft D) tiny
Correct! 'Strong' is the exact qualitative opposite of 'weak'.
Correct: B or strong. 'Strong' is the exact qualitative opposite of 'weak'.
2
Which noun does not change its form when turning from singular to plural? A) child B) man C) sheep D) baby
Correct! 'Sheep' is an irregular noun whose singular and plural forms are completely identical.
Correct: C or sheep. 'Sheep' is an irregular noun whose singular and plural forms are completely identical.
3
Which of the following words contains a derivational suffix? A) rewrite B) quickly C) dislike D) unhappy
Correct! The suffix '-ly' is attached to the end of the word, whereas 're-', 'dis-', and 'un-' are all prefixes.
Correct: B or quickly. The suffix '-ly' is attached to the end of the word, whereas 're-', 'dis-', and 'un-' are all prefixes.
4
Identify the future tense sentence structure among the options: A) I go to school. B) I went to school. C) I will go to school. D) I am going to school.
Correct! The modal auxiliary verb 'will' followed by a base verb signifies the simple future tense.
Correct: C or I will go to school.. The modal auxiliary verb 'will' followed by a base verb signifies the simple future tense.
5
What punctuation mark must be placed at the end of: 'What a beautiful day___' A) . B) ? C) ! D) ,
Correct! Since the sentence is an exclamation expressing strong emotion, it requires an exclamation mark.
Correct: C or !. Since the sentence is an exclamation expressing strong emotion, it requires an exclamation mark.
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